Cosmetics also known as make-up are care substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, many being synthetic.
Makeup types
Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products.
A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.
Most cosmetics are distinguished by the area of the body intended for application.
Makeup remover is the product used to remove the makeup products applied on the skin. It is used for cleaning the skin for other procedures, like applying any type of lotion at evening before the person go to sleep.
Skin care products include cleansers, facial masks, toners, moisturizers, sunscreen, and also tanning oils and lotions, skin lighteners, serums and exfoliants.
People who have normal skin have small, barely-visible pores. Thus, their skin appears clear and does not develop spots and blemishes. This type of skin needs minimal and gentle treatment, but does still require some maintenance.
2. Dry Skin
Dry skin has a parched appearance and tends to flake easily. It is prone to wrinkles and lines due to the inability to retain moisture, as well as, the inadequate production of sebum by sebaceous glands. Dry skin often has problems in cold weather as it dries up even further.
Constant protection in the form of a moisturizer by day and a moisture-rich cream by night is essential.
It is important not to over-exfoliate even in cases of extreme flaking, as this will only dry the skin further; gentle exfoliants using sugar, rice bran or mild acids are most suitable, and should only be used once per week to avoid causing irritation and dryness.
The excess oil on the surface of the skin draws dirt and dust from the environment to stick to it. Oily skin is usually prone to black heads, white heads, spots and pimples.
It needs to be cleansed thoroughly every day, especially in hot or humid weather. Moisturizing with an oil-free, water-based and non-comodegenic moisturizer is still required.
Exfoliation is also necessary, but over-exfoliation can cause irritation and increases in oil production; exfoliants that contain fruit acids are particularly helpful, and fine-grained exfoliants may help to clear blocked pores, discouraging breakouts and improving the skin's appearance.
The oily parts are usually found on a central panel, called T – Zone, consisting of the forehead, nose and chin.
The dry areas usually consist of the cheeks and the areas around the eyes and mouth. In such cases, each part of the face should be treated according to its skin type.
There are also skin care products made especially for those who have combination skin, which contain ingredients that cater to both skintypes.
Cleansing the face once per day is typically adequate for normal or dry skins, however a mild cleanser should also be used at night if makeup has been worn to remove any excess dirt or oil. Oily skins should be cleansed more frequently, at least twice per day.
Water-based, gentle cleansers are ideal for all skin types, though particularly acne-prone skin may require medicated cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid to discourage acne.
While soap can be used as a cleanser, it should be avoided particularly by dry and sensitive skins; many alternatives are available.
Oil-based cleansers have become particularly popular with oily skin, as they are very gentle and do not over-dry the skin, but still remove dirt and makeup very effectively.
It is important to cleanse before applying makeup, regardless of skin type, as this helps to create a clean surface for makeup application.
Many cleansers are also suitable for use as a makeup remover, but a proper makeup remover should be used as much as possible, particularly for the removal of eye makeup.
There are many kinds of face masks available, but they typically fall into one or more of these categories:
Exfoliation can even out patches of rough skin, improve circulation to the skin, clear blocked pores to discourage acne and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
Exfoliants should be applied to wet, cleansed skin, avoiding the eye area; abrasive exfoliants or scrubs should then be rubbed into the skin in a circular motion for at least 30 seconds.
Dry skin should only be exfoliated in spots of severe flaking, and no more than once per week; oily skins may be able to tolerate twice weekly exfoliation. Signs of over-exfoliation include sore, dry and irritated or reddened skin and excessive dryness or oiliness.
Chemical exfoliants may include citric acid (from citrus fruits), acetic acid (from vinegar), malic acid (from various fruits), glycolic acid, lactic acid or salicylic acid.
They may be liquids or gels, and may or may not contain an abrasive to remove old skin cells afterwards. Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physical objects.
Loofahs, microfibre cloths, natural sponges or brushes may be used to exfoliate with, simply by rubbing them over the face in a circular motion.
Gels, creams or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as beads, sea salt, sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off of the skin.
Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle.
They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but can also be spritzed onto the skin from a spray bottle.
Toners typically contain alcohol, water, and herbal extracts or other chemicals to treat various skin types. Toners containing alcohol are quite astringent, and usually targeted at oily skins.
Those with dry or normal skin should use alcohol-free toners. Witch hazel solution is a popular toner for all skin types, but many other are available.
Night creams are typically more hydrating than day creams, but may be too thick or heavy to wear during the day, hence their name.
Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tone.
They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad to the entire face, avoiding the lips and area around the eyes.
All skin types need moisturizing. Moisturizer use helps prevent flaking and dryness, and may help to delay the formation of wrinkles.
People with dry skin should choose oil-based moisturizers with ingredients to help the skin retain moisture and protect it from dryness, heat or cold in the environment.
People with normal skin can choose from a wide variety of moisturizers, but light lotions or gels are typically all that is required.
Water-based, low-oil and non-comodegenic moisturizers should be used on oily skin; medicated moisturizers containing tea tree extracts or fruit enzymes can help to control oil production or treat acne.
Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer to the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and is often the first area to show signs of ageing.
Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels, and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes.
Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with the ring finger in a patting motion.
It is important to make use of sunscreen to protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure, and should be re-applied every 4 hours.
Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposed to sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensure thorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.
Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their SPF number indicates their effectiveness in protecting the skin from the sun.
There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, those with oily skin should choose non-comodegenic sunscreens, dry skins should choose sunscreens with moisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenic sunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that it does not irritate their skin.
Aside from color additives, cosmetic products and their ingredients are not subject to regulation prior to their release into the market. Many new products are released into the market every season, often with light testing.
Many cosmetic companies claim "All natural" and "organic" products such as anti-ageing and anti-acne creams based on Egg Oil which contains Omega-3 fatty acids and xanthophylls.
All natural products contain mineral, egg and plant ingredients and organic products are made with organic agricultural products. Products who claim they are organic are not, unless they are certified "USDA Organic."
Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are also often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups; however, liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must contain binders, which the dry mineral makeups do not.
Other main ingredients include mica (Sericite) and pigmenting minerals, such as iron oxide, tin oxide, and magnesium myristate.
Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemical dyes. Because of this, many dermatologists consider mineral makeup to be purer and kinder to the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients.
However, some mineral makeups contain Bismuth oxychloride, which can be irritating to the skin of sensitive individuals. Others also contain talc, over which there is some controversy because of its comedogenic tendencies (tendency to clog pores and therefore cause acne) and because some people are sensitive to talc.
Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it doesn't contain talc), and it offers a mild amount of sun protection (because of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).
Because they don't contain liquid ingredients, mineral makeups can last in their containers indefinitely as long as the user doesn't contaminate them with liquid.
The worlds largest cosmetic companies are The L'Oréal Group, The Procter & Gamble Company, Unilever, Shiseido Company, Limited and Estée Lauder Companies, Inc.[34]
The market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan is about EUR 70B/y, according to a 2005 publication.
In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated sales of EUR 12.6 billion at retail sales, in 2008 which made of German cosmetic industry the 3rd in the world, after Japan and the United States.
Also, it has been shown that in the same country, this industry has grown with nearly 5 percent in one year, from 2007 to 2008. The exports of Germany in this industry reached in 2008 EUR 5.8 billion whereas the imports of cosmetics totaled EUR 3 billion.
The main countries that export cosmetics to Germany are France, Switzerland, the United States and Italy and they mainly consist of makeup and fragrances or perfumes for women.
The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf - May 2007).
Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie - the French federation for the perfume industry).
France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally.
Most products on whose label it is stated "Made in France" are valued on the international market.
According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has risen constantly in France, for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of EUR 6.5 billion.
Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher and many others.
The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other European countries, the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach EUR 9 billion in 2007.
The Italian cosmetic industry is however dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market.
Makeup and facial care however are the first cosmetic products to be exported in the United States.
Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances and perfumes, many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with different perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers have their own perfume line (such as Celine Dion).
The designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays not only for the product but also for the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani, Dolce and Gabbana and so on.
Recently, Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a study concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent. Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study comes into question.
The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also in countries in which they do not have representatives.
Research on the email marketing of cosmetics to consumers suggests they are goal-oriented with email content that is seen as useful motivating them to visit a store to try the cosmetics or talk to sales representatives. Useful content included special sales offerings and new product information rather than makeup trends.
Cosmetic careers
An account executive is responsible for visiting all department and
specialty store counter sales and doors. They explain new products and
"gifts with purchase" (free items given out upon purchase of a certain
cosmetics item that costs more than a set amount).
A beauty adviser provides product advice based on the client's skin care and makeup requirements. Beauty advisers can become certified through the Anti-Aging Beauty Institute.
A cosmetician is a professional who provides facial and body treatments for clients. The term cosmetologist is sometimes used interchangeably with this term, but most commonly refers to a certified professional.
A freelance makeup artist provides clients with beauty advice and cosmetics assistance—usually paid by the cosmetic company by the hour, however they sometimes work as independently without a company.
Professionals in cosmetics marketing careers manage research focus groups, promote the desired brand image, and provide other marketing services (sales forecasting, allocation to different retailers, etc.).
Many involved within the cosmetics industry often specialize in a certain area of cosmetics such as special effects makeup or makeup techniques specific to the film, media and fashion sectors.
Makeup types
Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products.
A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.
Most cosmetics are distinguished by the area of the body intended for application.
- Primer, come in various formulas to suit individual skin concerns. Most are meant to reduce the appearance of pore size, prolong the wear of makeup, and allow for a smoother application of makeup. Applied before foundation.
- Lipgloss, is a sheer form of lipstick that is in a liquid form.
- Lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner, lip plumper, lip balm, lip conditioner, lip primer, and lip boosters. Lip stains have a water or gel base and may contain alcohol to help the product stay on the lips. The idea behind lip stains is to temporarily saturate the lips with a dye, rather than covering them with a colored wax. Usually designed to be waterproof, the product may come with an applicator brush or be applied with a finger.
- Concealer, makeup used to cover any imperfections of the skin. Concealer is often used for any extra coverage needed to cover blemishes, or any other marks. Concealer is often thicker and more solid than foundation, and provides longer lasting, and more detailed coverage. Some formulations are meant only for the eye or only for the face.
- Foundation, used to smooth out the face and cover spots or uneven skin coloration. Usually a liquid, cream, or powder, as well as most recently, a light and fluffy mousse, which provides excellent coverage as well. Foundation primer can be applied before or after to get a smoother finish. Some primers come in powder or liquid form to be applied before foundation as a base, while other primers come as a spray to be applied after you are finished to help make-up last longer.
- Face powder, used to set the foundation, giving a matte finish, and also to conceal small flaws or blemishes.
- Rouge, blush or blusher, cheek coloring used to bring out the color in the cheeks and make the cheekbones appear more defined. This comes in powder, cream, and liquid forms.
- Contour powder/creams, used to define the face. It can be used to give the illusion of a slimmer face or to even modify a person’s face shape as desired. Usually a few shades darker than ones own skin tone and matte in finish to create the illusion of depth. A darker toned foundation/concealer can be used instead to contour to create a more natural look.
- Highlight, used to draw attention to the high points of the face as well as to add glow to the face. It comes in liquid, cream, and powder form. Often contains shimmer, but sometimes does not. A lighter toned foundation/concealer can be used instead to highlight create a more natural look.
- Bronzer, used to give skin a bit of color by adding a golden or bronze glow. Can come in either matte, semi matte/satin, or shimmer finishes.
- Mascara is used to darken, lengthen, and thicken the eyelashes. It is available in natural colors such as brown and black, but also comes in bolder colors such as blue, pink, or purple. There are many different formulas, including waterproof for those prone to allergies or sudden tears. Often used after an eyelash curler and mascara primer. There are now also many mascaras with certain components to help lashes to grow longer and thicker. There are specific minerals and proteins that are combined with the mascara that can benefit, as well as beautify.
- Eyelash glue, Used to adhere false lashes to the eyes. Can come in either clear or colored formulas.
- Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels and powders are used to color and define the brows.[2]
- Nail polish, used to color the fingernails and toenails.[2]
- Setting Spray, used to keep applied makeup intact for long periods of time. An alternative to setting spray is setting powder which may be either pigmented or translucent.
Makeup remover is the product used to remove the makeup products applied on the skin. It is used for cleaning the skin for other procedures, like applying any type of lotion at evening before the person go to sleep.
Skin Care Products
Skin care products can also fall under the general category of cosmetics. These are products used in general to improve the appearance and health of skin, formulated for different types of skin and associated issues.Skin care products include cleansers, facial masks, toners, moisturizers, sunscreen, and also tanning oils and lotions, skin lighteners, serums and exfoliants.
Skin Types
There are five basic skin types, including:1. Normal Skin
This type of skin has a fine, even and smooth surface due to having an ideal balance between oil and moisture contents and is therefore neither greasy nor dry.People who have normal skin have small, barely-visible pores. Thus, their skin appears clear and does not develop spots and blemishes. This type of skin needs minimal and gentle treatment, but does still require some maintenance.
2. Dry Skin
Dry skin has a parched appearance and tends to flake easily. It is prone to wrinkles and lines due to the inability to retain moisture, as well as, the inadequate production of sebum by sebaceous glands. Dry skin often has problems in cold weather as it dries up even further.
Constant protection in the form of a moisturizer by day and a moisture-rich cream by night is essential.
It is important not to over-exfoliate even in cases of extreme flaking, as this will only dry the skin further; gentle exfoliants using sugar, rice bran or mild acids are most suitable, and should only be used once per week to avoid causing irritation and dryness.
3. Oily Skin
As its name implies, this type of skin’s surface is slightly to moderately greasy, which is caused by the over secretion of sebum.The excess oil on the surface of the skin draws dirt and dust from the environment to stick to it. Oily skin is usually prone to black heads, white heads, spots and pimples.
It needs to be cleansed thoroughly every day, especially in hot or humid weather. Moisturizing with an oil-free, water-based and non-comodegenic moisturizer is still required.
Exfoliation is also necessary, but over-exfoliation can cause irritation and increases in oil production; exfoliants that contain fruit acids are particularly helpful, and fine-grained exfoliants may help to clear blocked pores, discouraging breakouts and improving the skin's appearance.
4. Combination Skin
This is the most common type of skin. As the name suggests, it is a combination of both oily and dry or normal skin where certain areas of the face are oily and the rest dry.The oily parts are usually found on a central panel, called T – Zone, consisting of the forehead, nose and chin.
The dry areas usually consist of the cheeks and the areas around the eyes and mouth. In such cases, each part of the face should be treated according to its skin type.
There are also skin care products made especially for those who have combination skin, which contain ingredients that cater to both skintypes.
5. Sensitive skin
Sensitive skin has a tendency to react with irritation, redness, stinging or burning, flaking, lumpiness and rashes to many potential triggers; the most common causes of irritation are chemical dyes and fragrances, soaps, some flower and spice oils, shaving creams, tanning lotions or spray tans, changes in temperature, excessive cleansing or exfoliating, waxing, threading, shaving and bleaching. People with sensitive skin should try to avoid products with unnecessary fragrances or dyes, and generally avoid using products that cause irritation. Sensitive skin is typically dry, but can be oily, normal or combination as well.General Skin Care Routines
Cleansing
Cleansing is the first essential step to any daily skin care routine. Cleansers are generally applied to wet skin over the face and sometimes also the neck, avoiding the eyes and lips.Cleansing the face once per day is typically adequate for normal or dry skins, however a mild cleanser should also be used at night if makeup has been worn to remove any excess dirt or oil. Oily skins should be cleansed more frequently, at least twice per day.
Water-based, gentle cleansers are ideal for all skin types, though particularly acne-prone skin may require medicated cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid to discourage acne.
While soap can be used as a cleanser, it should be avoided particularly by dry and sensitive skins; many alternatives are available.
Oil-based cleansers have become particularly popular with oily skin, as they are very gentle and do not over-dry the skin, but still remove dirt and makeup very effectively.
It is important to cleanse before applying makeup, regardless of skin type, as this helps to create a clean surface for makeup application.
Many cleansers are also suitable for use as a makeup remover, but a proper makeup remover should be used as much as possible, particularly for the removal of eye makeup.
Masks
Face masks are treatments applied to the skin for a period of time, then removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, cleansed face, avoiding the eyes and lips.There are many kinds of face masks available, but they typically fall into one or more of these categories:
- Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin, and are typically left on until completely dry. As the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skin, and may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of its drying actions, clay-based masks should only be used on oily skins.
- Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency, and contain various acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skintone. They are also left on to dry, and then gently peeled off. These should be avoided by people with dry skin, as they also tend to be very drying.
- Sheet masks are a relatively new product that is becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of a thin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may also be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints. Sheet masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside of Asia.
Exfoliants
Exfoliants are products that help slough off dry, dead skin to improve its appearance. This is achieved either through the use of acids or other chemicals to loosen the old skin cells, or abrasive substances to physically scrub them off.Exfoliation can even out patches of rough skin, improve circulation to the skin, clear blocked pores to discourage acne and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
Exfoliants should be applied to wet, cleansed skin, avoiding the eye area; abrasive exfoliants or scrubs should then be rubbed into the skin in a circular motion for at least 30 seconds.
Dry skin should only be exfoliated in spots of severe flaking, and no more than once per week; oily skins may be able to tolerate twice weekly exfoliation. Signs of over-exfoliation include sore, dry and irritated or reddened skin and excessive dryness or oiliness.
Chemical exfoliants may include citric acid (from citrus fruits), acetic acid (from vinegar), malic acid (from various fruits), glycolic acid, lactic acid or salicylic acid.
They may be liquids or gels, and may or may not contain an abrasive to remove old skin cells afterwards. Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physical objects.
Loofahs, microfibre cloths, natural sponges or brushes may be used to exfoliate with, simply by rubbing them over the face in a circular motion.
Gels, creams or lotions may contain an acid to encourage dead skin cells to loosen, and an abrasive such as beads, sea salt, sugar, ground nut shells, rice bran or ground apricot kernels to scrub the dead cells off of the skin.
Salt and sugar scrubs tend to be the harshest, while scrubs containing beads or rice bran are typically very gentle.
Toning
Toners are used after cleansing the skin to freshen up and remove any traces of cleanser, mask or makeup still on the skin, as well as helping to restore the skin's natural pH.They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but can also be spritzed onto the skin from a spray bottle.
Toners typically contain alcohol, water, and herbal extracts or other chemicals to treat various skin types. Toners containing alcohol are quite astringent, and usually targeted at oily skins.
Those with dry or normal skin should use alcohol-free toners. Witch hazel solution is a popular toner for all skin types, but many other are available.
Moisturizing
Moisturizers are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture; they may also contain various essential oils, herbal extracts or chemicals to assist with oil control or reducing irritation.Night creams are typically more hydrating than day creams, but may be too thick or heavy to wear during the day, hence their name.
Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tone.
They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad to the entire face, avoiding the lips and area around the eyes.
All skin types need moisturizing. Moisturizer use helps prevent flaking and dryness, and may help to delay the formation of wrinkles.
People with dry skin should choose oil-based moisturizers with ingredients to help the skin retain moisture and protect it from dryness, heat or cold in the environment.
People with normal skin can choose from a wide variety of moisturizers, but light lotions or gels are typically all that is required.
Water-based, low-oil and non-comodegenic moisturizers should be used on oily skin; medicated moisturizers containing tea tree extracts or fruit enzymes can help to control oil production or treat acne.
Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer to the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and is often the first area to show signs of ageing.
Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels, and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or vitamin K to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes.
Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with the ring finger in a patting motion.
Protecting
Sun protection is an important aspect of skincare. The sun can cause extreme damage to the skin, not only in the form of sunburns and skin cancer; exposure to UVA and UVB radiation can cause patches of uneven skin tone and will dry out the skin, reducing its elasticity and encouraging sagging and wrinkle formation.It is important to make use of sunscreen to protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure, and should be re-applied every 4 hours.
Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposed to sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensure thorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.
Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their SPF number indicates their effectiveness in protecting the skin from the sun.
There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, those with oily skin should choose non-comodegenic sunscreens, dry skins should choose sunscreens with moisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenic sunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that it does not irritate their skin.
Ingredients of Cosmetics
Organic and natural ingredients
Once a niche market, handmade and certified organic products are becoming more mainstream. Even though many cosmetic products are regulated, health concerns persist regarding the presence of harmful chemicals within these products.Aside from color additives, cosmetic products and their ingredients are not subject to regulation prior to their release into the market. Many new products are released into the market every season, often with light testing.
Many cosmetic companies claim "All natural" and "organic" products such as anti-ageing and anti-acne creams based on Egg Oil which contains Omega-3 fatty acids and xanthophylls.
All natural products contain mineral, egg and plant ingredients and organic products are made with organic agricultural products. Products who claim they are organic are not, unless they are certified "USDA Organic."
Mineral makeup
The term "mineral makeup" applies to a category of face makeup, including foundation, eye shadow, blush, and bronzer, that is made with loose, dry mineral powders.Lipsticks, liquid foundations, and other liquid cosmetics, as well as compressed makeups such as eye shadow and blush in compacts, are also often called mineral makeup if they have the same primary ingredients as dry mineral makeups; however, liquid makeups must contain preservatives and compressed makeups must contain binders, which the dry mineral makeups do not.
Ingredients
The main ingredients in mineral makeups are usually coverage pigments, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, both of which are also physical sunscreens.Other main ingredients include mica (Sericite) and pigmenting minerals, such as iron oxide, tin oxide, and magnesium myristate.
Mineral makeup usually does not contain synthetic fragrances, preservatives, parabens, mineral oil, and chemical dyes. Because of this, many dermatologists consider mineral makeup to be purer and kinder to the skin than makeup that contains those ingredients.
However, some mineral makeups contain Bismuth oxychloride, which can be irritating to the skin of sensitive individuals. Others also contain talc, over which there is some controversy because of its comedogenic tendencies (tendency to clog pores and therefore cause acne) and because some people are sensitive to talc.
Benefits
Because titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have anti-inflammatory properties, mineral makeups with those ingredients can also have a calming effect on the skin, which is particularly important for those who suffer from inflammatory problems such as rosacea. Zinc oxide is also anti-microbial, so mineral makeups can be beneficial for those with acne.Mineral makeup is noncomedogenic (as long as it doesn't contain talc), and it offers a mild amount of sun protection (because of the titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).
Because they don't contain liquid ingredients, mineral makeups can last in their containers indefinitely as long as the user doesn't contaminate them with liquid.
Cosmetic industry
The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses.The worlds largest cosmetic companies are The L'Oréal Group, The Procter & Gamble Company, Unilever, Shiseido Company, Limited and Estée Lauder Companies, Inc.[34]
The market volume of the cosmetics industry in the US, Europe, and Japan is about EUR 70B/y, according to a 2005 publication.
In Germany, the cosmetic industry generated sales of EUR 12.6 billion at retail sales, in 2008 which made of German cosmetic industry the 3rd in the world, after Japan and the United States.
Also, it has been shown that in the same country, this industry has grown with nearly 5 percent in one year, from 2007 to 2008. The exports of Germany in this industry reached in 2008 EUR 5.8 billion whereas the imports of cosmetics totaled EUR 3 billion.
The main countries that export cosmetics to Germany are France, Switzerland, the United States and Italy and they mainly consist of makeup and fragrances or perfumes for women.
The worldwide cosmetics and perfume industry currently generates an estimated annual turnover of US$170 billion (according to Eurostaf - May 2007).
Europe is the leading market, representing approximately €63 billion, while sales in France reached €6.5 billion in 2006, according to FIPAR (Fédération des Industries de la Parfumerie - the French federation for the perfume industry).
France is another country in which the cosmetic industry plays an important role, both nationally and internationally.
Most products on whose label it is stated "Made in France" are valued on the international market.
According to data from 2008, the cosmetic industry has risen constantly in France, for 40 consecutive years. In 2006, this industrial sector reached a record level of EUR 6.5 billion.
Famous cosmetic brands produced in France include Vichy, Yves Saint Laurent, Yves Rocher and many others.
The Italian cosmetic industry is also an important player in the European cosmetic market. Although not as large as in other European countries, the cosmetic industry in Italy was estimated to reach EUR 9 billion in 2007.
The Italian cosmetic industry is however dominated by hair and body products and not makeup as in many other European countries. In Italy, hair and body products make up approximately 30% of the cosmetic market.
Makeup and facial care however are the first cosmetic products to be exported in the United States.
Due to the popularity of cosmetics, especially fragrances and perfumes, many designers who are not necessarily involved in the cosmetic industry came up with different perfumes carrying their names. Moreover, some actors and singers have their own perfume line (such as Celine Dion).
The designer perfumes are, like any other designer products, the most expensive in the industry as the consumer pays not only for the product but also for the brand. Famous Italian fragrances are produced by Giorgio Armani, Dolce and Gabbana and so on.
Recently, Procter & Gamble, which sells CoverGirl and Dolce & Gabbana makeup, funded a study concluding that makeup makes women seem more competent. Due to the source of funding, the quality of this Boston University study comes into question.
The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also in countries in which they do not have representatives.
Research on the email marketing of cosmetics to consumers suggests they are goal-oriented with email content that is seen as useful motivating them to visit a store to try the cosmetics or talk to sales representatives. Useful content included special sales offerings and new product information rather than makeup trends.
Cosmetic careers
A beauty adviser provides product advice based on the client's skin care and makeup requirements. Beauty advisers can become certified through the Anti-Aging Beauty Institute.
A freelance makeup artist provides clients with beauty advice and cosmetics assistance—usually paid by the cosmetic company by the hour, however they sometimes work as independently without a company.
Professionals in cosmetics marketing careers manage research focus groups, promote the desired brand image, and provide other marketing services (sales forecasting, allocation to different retailers, etc.).
Many involved within the cosmetics industry often specialize in a certain area of cosmetics such as special effects makeup or makeup techniques specific to the film, media and fashion sectors.
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