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Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Men's Health, Men's World

Men's health refers to health issues specific to human male anatomy. These often relate to structures such as male genitalia or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males.
In the UK, the Men's Health Forum
was founded in 1994. It was established originally by the Royal College of Nursing but became
completely independent of the RCN when it was established as a charity in 2001. The first National Men’s Health Week was held in the USA in 1994. The first UK week took place in 2002, and the event went international the following year. In 2005, the world’s first professor of men’s health, Alan White, was appointed at Leeds Metropolitan University in north-east England.


In Australia, the Men's Health Information and Resource Centre advocates a salutogenic approach to male health which focuses on the causal factors behind health. The Centre is led by Professor John Macdonald and was established in 1999. The Centre leads and executes Men's Health Week in Australia with core funding from the NSW Ministry of Health.
In 2000, the Toronto Men's Health Network was founded by Joe Jacobs, who helped bring attention to the importance of Men's Health in Canada's largest city. The organization has held Men's Health Forums annually, including 2005 where the guest speaker, Canadian Senator Dr. Wilbert Keon, spoke of the importance of men's cardiovascular health.
 
The organization has since been chaired by Ted Kaiser, Elaine Sequeira, Dr. Don McCreary and Donald Blair. Presently, the organization is being led by James Hodgins. It remains the oldest and most recognized Men's Health advocacy organization in Canada, with other organizations starting to appear in British Columbia and the Maritime provinces.
 
In the United States, men's health issues are raised by, among others, Men's Health Network (MHN). MHN is a non-profit educational organization comprising physicians, researchers, public health workers, other health professionals, and individuals.
 
MHN is committed to improving the health and wellness of men, boys, and their families through education campaigns, data collection, surveys, toll-free hotlines, and work with health care providers. MHN conducts screenings in the workplace and at public venues, sponsors conferences and symposia, and promotes awareness periods such as Men's Health Month and Men’s Health Week.


While women's bodies are certainly amazing machines, so are the bodies of men.  Men are half of the equation when it comes to reproduction, and it is important to know just how everything functions.  Unlike women with their initial egg production and maturation, sperm production is continuous, but reduces gradually with age.
A healthy and nutritious diet is extremely important in both men and women to ensure the body is functioning at its optimal peak.

The Male Organs

The reproductive organs in males include the penis, two testes or testicles, several transport and storage ducts and supporting structures.  The oval-shaped testes are outside the body in a pouch of skin called the scrotum, where they maintain an optimum temperature for making sperm (approximately 3 degrees C lower than body temperature).

The testes also secrete testosterone, a male's sex hormone.  From each testis, sperm pass into a "coiled tube" called the epididymis for the final stages of their maturation.  They are stored there until they are either broken down and reabsorbed or ejaculated (forced by movement of seminal fluid from the accessory glands) down a duct called the vas deferens.
 

The Scrotum

The two testes in the scrotum are where the sperm are manufactured in tubes called the seminiferous tubes.  The sperm are stored in the epididymides, each of which is a tube about 6m (or 20 ft) long.  These are tightly coiled and bunched into a length of about 4 cm or 2 inches.
 
Each testis is covered by a thin layer of tissue called the tunica vaginalis and a layer of connective tissue called fascia. An outer layer (called the dartos muscle) relaxes in hot weather and drops the testes to keep them cool. This same muscle draws them up in cold weather so the testes do not become overly chilled.

The spermatic cord suspends each testis within the scrotum and contains the lymph vessels, the testicular artery, nerves and the vas deferens.
 
If one were to draw a midline section through the lower abdomen of a male it would show how the penis and scrotum hang outside the body, but inside the body is a complex system of tubes, ducts and glands where the sperm mature and are stored before being ejaculated in the semen.

The Accessory Glands

The seminal vesicles and the prostate and bulbourethral glands together make up the accessory glands.  The secretions from these glands are added to sperm during ejaculation. By volume, fluid from the seminal vesicles make up about 60 percent of the semen and contain sugar, vitamin C and prostaglandins.
Prostate secretions account for some 30 percent of the semen, and include fatty acids, salts, cholesterol and enzymes to balance the semen's acid-alkali balance.  The bulbourethral gland secretions make up about 5 percent of the semen and neutralize the acidity of urine traces in the urethra.
 

Sperm Production

Each testis is a mass of more than 800 tightly folded and looped seminiferous tubules.  The sperm begin here as blob-like cells called spermatogonia lining the inner wall.  As they mature, the sperm develop tails and move toward the middle of the tubule.  Thousands of sperm are produced every second, with each sperm taking approximately two months to mature.

The Sperm's Pathway

When ejaculation occurs, waves of muscle contractions squeeze the sperm in their fluid from the epididymis along the vas deferens.  This tube is joined by a duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.  Within the prostate gland, the left and right ejaculatory ducts join the urethra.
In a male, the urethra is a dual-purpose tube that is tasked with carrying urine from the bladder during urination and sperm from the testes.  However, during ejaculation the sphincter at athe base of the bladder is closed because of high pressure in the urethra, which prevents urine from passing through.

Penile Erection

When a male is aroused, large quantities of arterial blood enter the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum, serving to compress the veins.  The result is that blood cannot drain from the penis and it becomes erect and hard.
 

The Semen

Semen, or seminal fluid, is made up of sperm mixed with fluid added by the accessory glands, including the prostate gland.  Fluid is secreted by the prostate gland through tiny ducts and mixes with sperm as they are ejaculated down the urethra.  The final mix of ejaculation contains around 300 to 500 million sperm in 2-5 ml of fluid.

2 comments:

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  2. It is important to follow a low-calorie, low-fat diet and maintain regular physical activity if you are taking orlistat. You will also need regular follow-up with your doctor or pharmacist. See separate leaflet called Orlistat - Help With Weight Loss, which gives further details about this medicine and when it may be used. learn more

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